Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations

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To what extent do you think planners have responsibility for social outcomes or social justice?

 

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In a vision of social justice for the built environment, planning redistributes power in the form of wealth and influence to those currently excluded from the creation and allocation of the benefits that planning generates. Planners have responsibility for social outcomes or social justice. On the one hand, planners can decide to use their status, knowledge, and professional skills to the fullest. In this way, they effectively promote their view of social justice in the planning process and can assertively represent the interests of marginalized communities to administrators and other influential actors.

Therapies that emerged during this period, including client-oriented, later became known as “humanistic” therapies. Despite the fact that many psychologists contributed to the development of the humanistic approach, Carl Rogers was the one who led the evolution in psychotherapy with his own unique approach. Rogers suggested that therapy may be simpler and more positive than those conducted by behavioral or psychodynamic psychologists (McLeod, 2013). Also, he claimed that «experience is, for me, the highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other person’s ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my experience» (Rogers,1959). Thus, Carl Rogers formed his concept of therapy based on his own experience and beliefs. And in the center of this concept was the patient and his needs. It is also worth noticing that Rogers emphasized that the patient should not be considered as a client, since relations that are established between him and the therapist do not require the patient to be subordinated to his doctor and to follow all his instructions without any reservations (Rogers, 1959).

The client-centered approach provides for conducting a non-directive form of therapy in the form of a conversation. It allows the client to have a conversation, while his therapist does not try to manage the client in any way (McLeod, 2013). This approach is based on one very important quality: an unconditional positive regard. This means that the therapist refrains from judging the client, being a source of full acceptance and support (McLeod, 2013). So, the client has the opportunity to speak out, and the therapist only observes the process and draws conclusions regarding the current state of the client.

Rogers’s view is very different from the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches, since he suggested that clients can be more effectively helped if they are asked to focus on their current subjective understanding, and not on some unconscious motive or someone else’s interpretation of the situation. He strongly believed that in order for the client to receive the maximum help from the therapist, the t

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