Strategy Applied In PM

Managing Project TeamsChapter. 12 Outsourcing: Managing Interorganizational RelationsInitial Postings: Read and reflect on the assigned readings for the week. Then post what you thought was the most important concept(s), method(s), term(s), and/or any other thing that you felt was worthy of your understanding in each assigned textbook chapter.Your initial post should be based upon the assigned reading for the week, so the textbook should be a source listed in your reference section and cited within the body of the text. Other sources are not required but feel free to use them if they aid in your discussion.Also, provide a graduate-level response to each of the following questions:

Assume that you have the following decision-making options: (1) make the decision on your own with available information, (2) consult others before making a decision, and (3) call a meeting and reach a consensus, seeking to arrive at a final decision everyone can agree on. Which approach would you use to make each of the following decisions and why?
You are the project leader for Casino Night on campus, a charitable event organized by your group to raise money for the homeless. The event was a big success, garnering a net profit of $3,500. Before the event your team researched nearby organizations that support the homeless and to whom the money could be given. You narrowed the choices to the “Chunk of Coal House” and “St. Mary’s Soup Kitchen.” Eventually your group decided that the funds be given to Chunk of Coal. You are about to write a check to its director when you read in the local newspaper that the Chunk of Coal House has terminated operations. What should you do with the money?
You are the leader of a new product development project. Your team has worked hard on developing a third-generation product that incorporates new technology and meets customer demands. The project is roughly 50 percent complete. You have just received a report from the marketing department detailing a similar product that is about to be released by a competitor. The product appears to utilize radical new design principles that expand the functionality of the product. This poses a serious threat to the success of your project. Top management is considering canceling your project and starting over again. They want you to make a recommendation.

Sample Solution

Multicellular organisms are composed of the macroscopic host and its symbiotic commensal microbiota. These complex communities of microbes include bacteria, fungi, viruses, other microbial & eukaryotic species.1,2 The immune system-microbiota interactions have a symbiotic relationship where microbiota plays an important role in the induction, training, and function of the host immune system and the immune system, in return, maintain these highly diverse and evolving microbes of the host.3 This symbiotic interaction between microbiota and the host helps in functioning of immune system in mammalians, plants, insects and aquatic organisms. Furthermore, the immune system and microbiota also engage “cross-talk” which involves exchange of chemical signals in many animals. This helps immune system to recognize the types of bacteria which are harmful to the host and then combating them, and it also helps in identifying the beneficial microbiota and allowing them to carry out their functions like immune reactivity and targeting.4-5

Mechanisms of microbiota in the immune system:

Cytokine induction:

Microbiota modulates immune response by acting locally and systemically. Shift in composition and density of microbiota affects systemic immunity. It promotes dermal T cell function and thereby producing IL-1α which in turn directly controls the capacity of dermal resident T cells in to producing inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ and IL-17A. Furthermore, oral cavity also harbors a unique and complex microbiota which have role in promoting the inflammasome activity resulting in local increase of the inflammatory cytokine IL1β.6Reduction of gut microbiota via broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment have shown blunted T and B cell response against intranasal infection with influenza which helps in considering its role in promoting the inflammasome-mediated induction of IL-1β and IL-18 secretion.7-8

Induction of regulatory responses:

Tissue homeostatsis maintenance is extremely important for the host survival and it depends on a complex and coordinated set of innate and adaptive responses involving microbiota and pathogens. Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells helps in maintaining both peripheral and mucosal homeostasis throughout the lifespan of the host.9-11 If disruption occurs in the homeostasis of these cells, it would cause loss of oral tolerance and development of aberrant effector responses in the gut. Induction of Treg cells is known to confer a health benefit to the host. Microbiota also helps in controlling oral antigen sampling by mucosal DCs and they also promote the induction of lamina propria resident macrophages by local expansion of Treg cells.12-13 Also, tissue specific factors like Vitamin A and MUC2 which are produced by intestinal goblet cells helps in regulation of mucosal dendritic cells.14-15Production of polysaccharide A (PSA) by a prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis provided first demonstration of induction of regulatory responses by microbiota.16 B. Fragilis helped in promoting Treg cell function and induction via engaging the microbial derived PSA with TLR2 expressed by T cells.17Furthermore, SCFA and in particular butyrate also helps in regulating the size and function of the regulatory T cell network by promoting the induction of regulatory T cells in the colonic e

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