The American expansion into the west of North America in the 1840’s

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1.Explain and describe the American espansion into the west of North America in the 1840’s. What were tthe important factors driving them? What were their interaction with the people already living there? In your aswer explain the idea of “Manifest Destiny”.

2. Describe and explain the institution of slavery in the South of America from 1800 to 1860. How were the slaves obtained? How and where did they live? What was the difference between Field and House slaves?

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The American expansion into the west of North America in the 1840`s

Former U.S president Thomas Jefferson believed that the nation`s future depended on its westward expansion. In 1803 the Louisiana Purchase took place, doubling the size of the country. By 1840 almost 7 million Americans had migrated westward in hopes of securing land and being prosperous. Factors that led to the westward expansion include: gold rush and mining opportunities; the opportunity to work in the cattle industry; faster travel to the west by railroad, availability of supplies due to railroad; the opportunity to own land cheaply under the Homestead Act; and adventure and the lure of the “Wild West.” The belief that settlers were destined to expand to the west is often referred to as Manifest Destiny. Many of the pioneers who settled the west became cash croppers and grew marketable products.

on-democratic regimes are forms of government which are controlled by only a small group of individuals, who “exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.”[1] According R. Tannenbaum and W. Schmidt, such regimes result in “autocratic leaders [ruling] by issuing threats and punishments and evoking fear”[2], while Freedom House suggest there is widespread state control over “key political institutions, [and over] information on certain political subjects and key sectors of the media”[3], as well as a lack of viable opposition or competition for office. Today, we still see the existence of such authoritarian systems in practice, though mainly concentrated to certain regions of the world as shown in Figure 1. Thus the question arises: why do some non-democratic regimes survive longer than others?

In this essay I am to discuss the possible reasons why some regimes outlive others, and the factors which could affect their success.

To begin, I examine the economic factors which undoubtedly have a huge influence on the survival of non-democratic regimes.
In many non-democratic countries today, an abundance of wealth held by the ruling elites compared with poverty among the masses helps dictatorships resist democratisation. Often, the ruling elites spend large portions of the funds available to them on suppressing resistance, for example, “China reportedly employs two million censors to police the internet (Bennett and Naim 2015)”[4], while in Peru under Fujimori, “the regime paid more than $36 million a year to the main television channels to skew their coverage, and reportedly offered one channel a $19 million bribe (McMillan and Zoido 2004, pp.82-5)”[4]. This has an opportunity cost; spending on investment and development of industries is foregone, often leaving the citizens of a non-democratic regime stuck in the early stages of Walter Rostow’s 5 Stages of Growth Theory, as shown in Figure 2, which can leave countries primary- or secondary-sector dependent and under-developed. As John Harriss describes, such “economic development [is] conducive to democratisation, partly because [it] strengthens the ‘moderate’ middle class”[5]: a social group of people who are better educated and financially-placed to resist being ‘bought-off’ by a dictator. Emerging middle classes therefore diminish the extent to which non-democratic leaders can bribe their winning coalition with private goods, as the pro

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