A positive work culture and a good organizational climate helps bring effective results to a company. Using this strategy, it is possible to increase employee productivity and engagement, as well as create an environment conducive to innovation. However, these benefits are only achieved with employee motivation and performance. The HR sector has a very strategic role in organizations. Through their activities, motivation can be encouraged and in such, increase the quality of life-work balance for their employees. The HR manager must understand that motivation is directly related to the improvement of individual performance.
l policies, influenced by globalist discourses, which operationalise the language of globalisation, are hegemonized into many societies, located within the European Union (Ayes, 2015; pp868). The adoption of these discourses (and many other factors, including the collapse of the Soviet Union), has splintered the traditionally established left/right political cleavage in Europe, which had previously consisted of divisions between capital and labour during the early-mid 20th century. The parameters of political thought in Europe, are now directed by socio-cultural issues, including immigration levels and threats to national identity (Rydgren, 2006; pp16).
The inability of established political parties to acknowledge these shifting social dynamics, or to envision credible solutions to these issues, has led to the development of a political niche within European society. This niche has made it possible for RRP parties to gain electoral support in many European countries. RRP parties attempt to progress the socialisation (dispersal throughout a citizenship), of the political conflicts caused by these issues (Schattscheider, 1974; pp7). This has created fertile ground for the articulation of a new discursive hegemony in Europe.
The European Union (EU) is a transnational economic and cultural partnership, nominally linked to globalisation. Some political agents believe that the EU symbolises the potential for the creation of a transnational (cross-nation) point of authority. This authority is believed to be encapsulated in various international institutions formed by the EU, like the European Parliament. It is also believed to be shown, in various pieces of deontic legislation passed by the organisation, such as European Union law. Deontic powers are the various obligations, duties, and authorizations attached to a subject position or written pieces of legislation, thus maintaining social order (Searle, 2010; pp9) Deontic modals in argumentation, refer to the various obligations and values a person must consider, before choosing an acceptable means-goal, to achieve a claim for action (Fairclough & Fairclough, 2013; pp42-43).
Attempts to constitutionalise the EU, have triggered portrayals of the union as a mere extension of globalisation and a threat to national sovereignty (Berezin, 2009; pp195). A constitutionalised EU would involve the dislocation of an agent’s national identity and would attempt to construct a unified Pan-European, multicultural, identity (a culturally integrated European identity overriding national identity). This Pan-European social identity is theorised to carry with it new obligations and new social practices, which could potentially be hegemonized across the continent (Berezin, 2009; pp6).
This process has arguably reacted negatively with nationalist values held by many European citizens. The promotion of discourses relating to national sovereignty, by RRP parties, is seen to be in direct conflict with the processes of Globalisation, Europeanisation, and Americanisation (the assimilation of pan-European and US culture within a population). National sovereignty relates to the belief that the ultimate power of governance in a specifically outlined geographical area (national borders), should lie with a national government and be representative of the population physically inhabiting that area (Marsonet, 2017; pp47-57).
To summarise, the growth of the EU and more generally, globalisation, has generated a large amount of political tension, within contemporary European society. This necessitates the need for a much deeper level of analysis, into the relationship existing between Anti-EU political agents and the transnational organisation itself. Research in this area will be extremely helpful towards an academic and empirical understanding of the agency/structure dialectic, which has dominated political science debates for decades (Marsh & Stocker, 2010; pp189-201).
It is particularly illuminating, for theories exploring the relationship, between group agents and an organisational structure in the international system, like the EU. This area of research is shock
