Afro-pessimism is a lens of interpretation that accounts for civil society`s dependence on antiblack violence – a regime of violence that positions black people as internal enemies of civil society, and cannot be analogized with the regimes of violence that disciplines the Marxist subaltern, the postcolonial subaltern, the colored but nonblack Western immigrant, the nonblack queer, or the nonblack woman. Most critical theorists are convinced that though structural violence performs differently on different populations (e.g., domestic violence against women in the home has a different performativity than the violence against striking workers), a common regime of violence (capitalism) undergirds the subjugation of all sentient beings, and, furthermore, it is assumed all sentient beings are human beings.
efinition of the word morality is a group of standard applied to people, personally or socially, and used to define correct or wrong behaviours and personalities, according to the Cambridge Dictionary. In other words, morality sets the guideline for what people “ought to do”. (Potthast&Panza, 2010) It is not as difficult to explain the word itself since the literal definition expresses the popular opinion shared by the entire society. However, the opinions and recognition of morality vary among different people and cultures. It seems to be embedded in our lives as a normal thing, but in fact, morality is complicated and fairly difficult, not only for the society to agree on the same single idea, and also for individuals to reach full understanding. Therefore, in this research essay, I am going to discuss what morality is and how the concepts differ or even contrast in people’s eyes. In the following paragraphs, I will explain ideas of utilitarianism and deontology, which are two famous moral concepts, and how they are applied in dilemmas and real-world incidents. The discussion of morality is necessary, for people to understand both themselves in depth and how society should be in order to work harmoniously.
Two of the most popular moral theories will be discussed in this essay, and one of them is the consequential theory. The overall consequential theory focuses on the consequences of the actions. Utilitarianism, especially, on top of the outcome focuses on the utility, which is happiness, pleasure and well-being of the creatures in this world based on famous philosopher Jeremy Bentham’s theory. (Potthast&Panza, 2010) The central idea of utilitarianism is to encourage people to increase as much pleasure for most people as possible. The actions to achieve this goal could be justified by the outcome. In more proper words, “does the end justify the means?” The answer is yes in utilitarianism. Similarly, although an action might not be as noble, “if you can increase the overall happiness of the world in some way, then you should.” (Potthast&Panza, 2010) While a lot other moral theories insist on principles, principles do not quite matter in utilitarianism if it is, so to speak, for the greater good. This means all methods used for approaching the best ending could be considered. Yet utilitarianism does not mean an individual should treat making themselves happy as the priority. For example, if a person has to give up on their family to save millions, giving up on their family is moral. The person has to choo
