The Changing Role of the Police

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American society has moved from a relatively simple rural life with homogenous and fixed values (over 95% identified as Christians in the 1950s vs. 75% today) to a highly involved, complex urban communities where a sense of common identification or values is difficult to find yet all groups wish to be counted and are increasingly vocal in this “Information Age.” Police decision-making used to be far less complicated by these issues, when commonly held Christian values were the standard and norm. With increasing fragmentation in community values, police are often left with the paradox of being “darned if they do, and darned if they don’t.”

Write an essay of 1,000-1,250 words highlighting the changing role of the police in the U.S. Include the following:

Explain what kind of approach the “distinctiveness theory” is, and how the growing U.S. immigrant population has complicated the roles of local police officers.
Find an example from the news that highlights a conflict of police roles and the public’s expectations; summarize the content.
Is it reasonable to expect local police to accommodate all cultural diversities? Explain.
Finally, how can officers be culturally sensitive but also on alert for potential homeland security issues in our post-9-11 era of law enforcement?

 

Sample Solution

Chilean cultural association with it.

Another similar dilemma was how to translate povidona yodada [26] which also appears in the list of products. I found several brand names for povidone-iodine such as Betadine, Savlon Dry and Videne, which are sold on the UK market. However, I thought that using a brand name would contrast with my foreignization approach; it would bring the ST to the reader, and not send the reader abroad. Instead, I opted to keep the literal translation (povidone iodine) but added the adjective antiseptic and defined it as a solution, for ease of reading. As per my ‘overt’ translation strategy, the reader is made aware of the existence of and difference between their discourse world and that of the ST.

2.1.1. Criminal jargon

Isidora Aguirre used a variety of police and criminal jargon in ‘El apuntamiento’ for which it was at times difficult to find a translation and a cultural equivalent in English. Ratis [80], tiras [129], and la pesca [86] are some examples of this. However, I would like to focus on the short story’s title. Collins Spanish dictionary provided several translations of apuntamiento, such as aiming, noting down something and support. However, none of these suited the explicitation of the word given in the story as what ‘le hacen los tiras a los ladrones: cobran al mes, como condición para dejarlos tranquilos, porque suponen que uno sigue robando’. I eventually found a definition in the Diccionario del habla chilena as a ‘cita en la cual el delincuente paga al policía para que le permita trabajar’ (1978, p. 53). Once I had a definition for the term, I considered and discounted various English equivalents. Whilst I thought that hush money or bribery might work, they both suggest that the person willingly pays money to ensure that the receiver will not disclose their illegal behaviour. However, in the story, the police demand this payment at regular intervals, blackmailing the protagonist. I also considered protection money but that is normally paid to a criminal, not vice versa, and so this could confuse the reader. I instead decided on a literal translation of apuntamiento as appointment. This decision was informed by my foreignizing strategy which favours calquing or literal translation as a means of allowing the style of the TT to retain an ‘exotic’ sense. Furthermore, appointment worked pe

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