The direction of causation in a correlation

 

 

 

The direction of causation in a correlation is also something that cannot be determined in nonexperimental research. It might be that X causes Y, but it also could be that Y causes X. For the following correlations, discuss the two directions that the correlation may be interpreted, and which you think is more likely to be right.
1. The more fish consumed on average per person in a country, the lower the rate of depression.

2. The higher one’s physical activity level, the higher one’s self-esteem tends to be.

3. College students who drink more alcohol tend to have lower grades.

Select one of the correlations from above and explain how you could use an experimental design to establish causation.

 

Sample Solution

A correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the association between two or more variables. The direction of the relationship (positive or negative) is indicated by the sign of the coefficient. A positive correlation implies that increases in the value of one score tend to be accompanied by increases in the other. A negative correlation implies that increases in one are accompanied by decreases in the other. A strong correlation might indicate causality, but there could easily be other explanation: it may be the result of random chance, where the variables appear to be related, but there is no true underlying relationship; there may be a third, lurking variable that makes the relationship appear stronger (or weaker) than it actually is.

Redundancy preparing includes the introduction of a progression of words and nonwords, which incorporates reiteration of words with a variable number of different things interceding. The rehashed word is supposed to be prepared and the particular measure is the response time to this rehashed word. It has been viewed that as up to 4 things can be dependably perceived along these lines (Cowan, 2001) (see figure 5 underneath). McKone contends that reiteration preparing is a precise proportion of momentary memory limit as the considerable arrangements of words forestall practice, as does the incorporation of nonwords (McKone, 2000). For sure she proceeds to make sense of that limit, as estimated by prepared redundancy is connected with the restricted idea of the focal point of consideration. Figure 5. The response time and number of words perceived from prepared (old) words in a reiteration preparing test (McKone, 2000)

 

End

There is still a lot of discussion about the limit of momentary memory and the exactness of estimating it. It is challenging to isolate certified momentary memory limit from the really working memory limit that is impacted by practice. While specialists might contend that they have figured out how to eliminate all practice (likely the most significant thing influencing momentary memory limit) that can’t be conclusively demonstrated as people can go to more than one boost at any one time. By the by while Miller’s unique work is as yet original in the space of momentary memory limit it is consistent with say that his decisions of 7 + 2 has now been supplanted to 4 + 1.

It very well may be contended, in any case, that identification isn’t estimating momentary memory as much as counting capacity. Further it has been demonstrated that list is constantly simply connected with individuated things (Cowan, 2001), eg bits as opposed to pieces, so it isn’t clear what results would happen in the event that it were not.

 

Entire Report

Entire report techniques include reviewing all potential boosts from an exhibit introduced. This differences to halfway report techniques, in which just unambiguous upgrades should be reviewed, normally in light of a particular signal. Cowan reports results demonstrating that transient memory limit is 4 for entire report strategies and connections this to tangible memory (Cowan, 2001). Figure 3 beneath shows Cowan’s recommended settled data methodology for entire report. In this all data is raised from the enacted long haul memory store into the focal point of consideration until this last option is full (Cowan, 2001). This differentiations to fractional report measures; in which just signaled things enter the focal point of consideration. Figure 3. Handling in entire report techniques (Cowan, 2001)

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