The Flint Crisis of 2014

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Analyze the problem of lead leaching from pipes carrying water to residential customers. A now infamous case involves the city of Flint MI that switched its water source from a Detroit lake to the Flint river and knowingly neglected treatment that would be required for this source change. The pH and alkalinity change to the Flint river was known to increase the leaching of lead from the aging residential utility water pipes. For more background see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis. Many utility pipes today still contain significant amounts of lead that could cause individual harm without mitigation strategies. The Flint river case highlights the need to utilize our engineering methods and problem-solving skills to make informed judgements recognizing our ethical and professional responsibilities and considering the impact of our analysis in a global, economic, environmental and societal context
Following the 8-step method, derive all necessary equations to analyze the problem of dissolution of a harmful chemical A from the walls of a pipe into the fluid B (water). Assume that the equilibrium distribution coefficient or equilibrium solubility of A between the solid pipe and water interface is known. Note that this is the thermodynamic partitioning of A which sets the stage for mass transfer.
The biggest part of this problem will be Step 8 where you are to estimate the concentration of lead at various distances along the pipe using average parameters from residential water delivery systems. The following paper by Drs. Marc Edwards and Laurie McNeill at our sister institution VT gives the approximate solubility of lead for residential pipes into water as:
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09383.x
Untreated Water: ~5 mg/L
Treated Water: ~0.5 mg/L
Please answer the following questions (8a)
How do your results compare to the maximum Federal levels of lead in residential drinking water at 15 parts per billion (ppb)?
Show a plot of bulk concentration of lead with pipe distance.

 

 

Part 8b (35 points)
What other chemical, physical, or biological aspects are important in the supply of drinking water? Specifically, identify seven possible contaminants. List the Federal Law limits for these contaminants in drinking water.
What is meant by an LD50 value in toxicology? Give the LD50 values of your listed contaminants.
Create and excel or equivalent table for your selections.
Cite only scholarly web resources.

 

 

Sample Solution

Jesminder Bhamra, the main character in Bend It Like Beckham, desires to fit in a culture other than her own, while pleasing her parents and remaining loyal to her culture. Jesminder was raised by a Sikh family; they want her to marry an Indian man, but she wants to play soccer. Jesminder has a strong desire to join the British society, but is fearful of neglecting her culture and losing her family. It is a challenge for Jesminder to stay loyal to her Indian culture because there are many rules and expectations. Jesminder is concerned because her parents do not accept or understand her love for playing soccer. “If I had an arranged marriage, would he let me play football?” (Bend It Like Beckham) Jesminder knows the importance of obeying her parents, but cannot help her desire to break free from the restrictions of her culture. Jesminder’s mother has associated herself with the Indian community in England, but Jesminder is involved with the British community. Jesminder has dedicated herself to playing soccer and being a loyal, committed teammate, but still sees pleasing her parents as a priority. Her choices in life are directly impacted by being born into a cultured family. Jesminder is very persistent and takes risks in order to achieve her goal, and ultimately, she does. If you are willing to work hard and take risks, it is possible to achieve your goal under cultural restrictions.

Throughout the film, different shots and costumes are used in order to show the character’s’ emotions during different experiences. The filmmaker uses close up shots to highlight the characters’ expressions. The use of angles in the scene where Jesminder is arguing with her parents about playing soccer in the house allows the viewers to feel involved and reminds the viewers of the cultural conflict presented. The low angle of Jesminder’s mother captures the Indian God looking down over her. She cannot escape her family and their culture. The high angle shot of Jesminder shows that her parents are disappointed with her and are looking down on her for disrespecting her culture. Close up shots display Jesminder’s concern about disappointing her parents, and her parent’s anger about Jesminder letting them and the Sikh culture down. The director uses costumes in a way that represents the character’s’ mood and connects it to an activity. Jesminder’s face is lit up with a big smile whenever she is wearing her so

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