through ‘sustained multiple crises’ that has impacted migration, rather than the single moment in the financial crash.

Sociologists have pointed to the wider problems of neoliberalism in discussion of recession (Fraser 2013; Berry 2015). Nancy Fraser (2013) has called for a new radicalised feminism to tackle the crisis. In her critique of second-wave feminism she likens the movement to the ‘handmaiden’ of neoliberal economics on three indirect contributions: through critique of the “family wage” to legitimate “flexible capitalism”; rejecting “economism” and politicising “the personal” and the critique of welfare-state paternalism. Berry has identified the role of the media in relation to neoliberalism, in allowing the dominance of these perspectives in the media in the years 2009/10, with the result that recession: ‘was defined as a problem of public rather than private debt, which necessitated sharp cuts to public spending’ (2015:15).

The changes to individual and collective behaviour during recession have been documented (Keating et al 2013; Purdam et al 2015; Layte and Landy 2017). At the level of consumerism, Keating et al (2013) study focused on changing attitudes to consumption since the Celtic Tiger years (1995-2007) and into the Irish economic collapse. The study finds emotional and behavioural strategies to cope with these changes which stand out from existent literature: new categories of resignation, and remembrance of times past standing. Purdam et al’s (2015) UK city case study on ‘food insecurity’ highlights the diversity of individuals including professionals using food banks as a ‘last resort’ since the crash and associated feelings of shame. While Layte and Landy (2017) mixed method study looks at the temporal patterns of collective protest in Ireland during recession. They found that the height of unrest actually correlated with recovery in 2014, with unrest at its lowest during 2010. They enables a critique of the direct correlation found between material deprivation and social protest and re-focus in on contingent factors. Lim and Laurence’s study (2017) found a decline in volunteering, particularly informal types, since the recession with this more acute in regions with higher unemployment or previously economically disadvantaged. Rather than directly attributed to financial hardship, weaker ‘norms of social trust’ were discovered as the cause (Lim & Laurence 2017: 10).