The modern world-system

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1. What is the modern world-system? What are its origins? What are cores, semi-peripheries, and peripheries? Where do most of the cultures we have studied fit into the scheme of things? Provide three examples each, representing countries in the core, semi-periphery, and periphery. What is globalization? What is transnationalism? What is the relationship of globalization and transnationalism to popular culture?
Essay 1:

2. Kottak (2019: 74) discusses the HIV/AIDS pandemic in “The Deadliest Global Pandemic of Our Time” in Chapter 4, “Applying Anthropology” (pp. 61-80). The HIV/AIDS pandemic began around 1981, nearly forty years ago. With 34-40 million people are living with the disease today and 35 million people have died from the disease, it is still a large, ongoing pandemic. HIV, primarily transmitted through sexual contact, is managed by those who are infected through taking a variety of drugs and has no cure. The highest concentration of cases is in sub-Saharan Africa.

We are currently besieged by a COVID-19 global pandemic, transmitted by close human interactions through respiratory droplets. According to the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 dashboard, there are nearly 68 million confirmed cases and 1.5 million deaths. The US has the highest number of cases and the highest number of deaths. Although there are COVID-19 vaccines on the horizon, which are currently undergoing review for approval and distribution, there are substantial surges in cases throughout the world due in part to limited masking, social distancing, and handwashing, exacerbated by humans being in enclosed spaces during the colder months. This has led infectious disease specialist Dr. Anthony Fauci to recommend that restaurants and bars be closed to curb current surges until vaccines are administered in the US.

Here are variety of questions to consider in your essay:

• What are your personal experiences with the pandemic? Your extended family? Your friends?
• Have you been able to follow CDC guidelines regarding masking, social distancing, handwashing, and engaging in activities out of doors?
• What role does public health play in mitigating the pandemic? Medical anthropology?
• Have you had good access to public health literature on COVID-19?
• Is testing readily available to you?
• Are you willing to take a vaccine?
• When and how do you think the COVID-19 pandemic will end to that you can resume your everyday life? What form will that take?
• How would you compare the HIV/AIDS and COVID-19
pandemics?

 

 

 

 

Sample Solution

Modern world-system

A world-system is a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to remold it to its advantage. On the surface, world-system analysis, as eloquently formulated by the American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein (b. 1930) in the 1970s, appears deceptively simple. The concept of “world system” is itself a key component of four current understanding of globalization, in that it captures the idea of causal interconnectedness across the globe among major organizations, firms, populations, and states. The world-system is dynamic and constantly evolving, with “conflicting forces which hold it together by tension, and tear it apart as each group seeks externally to remold it to its advantage (Wallerstein 1974, p.347).

urosemide and sodium-induced diuresis one of the mechanisms responsible for the increase in digoxin clearance due to sodium loading was diminished passive proximal back diffusion of filtered and secreted digoxin. reported that diuresis caused a 70% increase in digoxin clearance and a 20% decrease in serum digoxin levels in 10 patients who were taking digoxin for atrial fibrillation and who did not have congestive heart failure. Mechanisms that have been identified for renal excretion of digoxin include glomerular filtration, tubular secretion and proximal tubular reabsorption of digoxin. When the sodium diet was liberalized to a moderately high sodium diet, the digoxin clearance increased by 70% and the serum digoxin levels decreased by 20%.

Diuresis-induced hypokalemia It is well known that hypokalemia is associated with sensitivity to digitalis and, thus, increases its toxicity , but it is not well appreciated that when the serum potassium is as low as 2 to 3 mEq/liter, the tubular secretion of digoxin is nearly blocked. Although thiazides and loop diuretic drugs themselves do not alter the kinetics of digoxin excretion, they induce a dose-dependent loss of potassium from the body, resulting in a decreased serum potassium concentration.

Potassium-sparing diuretic drugs Possible mechanisms for these observations include an increased tubular secretion of digoxin to account for the increased renal clearance and a decrease in the hepatic elimination rate of digoxin to account for the decrease in extra renal clearance. This combination of quinidine and spironolactone caused significant reductions in total body clearance of digoxin, no renal digoxin clearance and digoxin renal clearance beyond the reductions induced by either drug alone . The clinical significance of an anticipated elevation of steady state serum digoxin levels induced by the potassium-sparing diuretic drugs is not clear. The effects of the potassium-sparing diuretic drugs on steady state serum digoxin levels have not been adequately evaluated. The potassium sparing diuretic drugs, spironolactone, triamterene and amiloride, have been reported to induce changes in digoxin kinetics . Since the magnitude of this interaction of potassium- sparing diuretic drugs has not been es

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