The prevalence of diabetes at the baseline examination

 

 

Write your responses clearly. For computational questions clearly show both your logic (including equations you are using) and your answer. Answers that are unclear or illegible will be assumed to be wrong.

Q1. The Boston Diabetes Study (BDS) recruited 1475 participants, aged 55-75. All participants were asked to attend a baseline examination and then to return for follow-up every year. All participants were seen again for follow-up 9 times for a total of 10 examinations (baseline + 9 follow-ups). The average length of follow-up was 10 years.

The following table summarizes some of the data from this study.

Table 1. Prevalent and incident cases of Diabetes among 1475 participants in the Boston Diabetes Study.

Women Men Total
Recruited at baseline exam 1 672 803 1475
Pre-existing Diabetes at baseline exam 1 48 55 103
Number of persons who developed Diabetes during the 10 years of follow-up 121 191 312

a. What was the prevalence of diabetes at the baseline examination (exam 1) among all of the 1475 persons recruited for participation in the BDS? (2points)

b. What was the prevalence of diabetes at the baseline examination among the women recruited to be part of the study? (2points)

c. What was the prevalence of diabetes at the baseline examination among the men recruited to be part of the study? (2points)

d. What is the incidence proportion for developing diabetes for men over the follow-up period? (2points)

e. What is the incidence proportion for developing diabetes for women over the follow-up period? (2points)

Q2. In a mass screening of 1655 U.S. soldiers in 2005, 103 were found to have depression. During the following 3-year period, among those who did not have depression in 2005, another 210 soldiers with depression were identified. Which measure(s) of disease occurrence can be calculated? Calculate this/these. Be very specific about which measures can be calculated. Are there any others that can be calculated, if you had additional information, or made certain assumptions? (5 points)
Q3. A population of 1,000 healthy, at risk people is monitored for one year starting on January 1st and the development of new chicken pox cases is noted. No one has chicken pox at the start of the investigation. Twenty people develop chicken pox on June 30th and forty people develop chicken pox on September 30th. Twenty-four people were lost to follow-up on March 31st and twenty-four people were lost to follow-up on November 30th. None of those lost to follow-up had developed chicken pox prior to becoming lost. Assume that you can get chicken pox only once (5 points).

a. What is the prevalence of Chicken Pox on February 1?

b. What is the incidence rate of chicken pox in this population during the one-year period from January 1st through December 31st? You may report the rate in person years or person months.

 

 

 

 

Sample Solution

How Autism Affects One’s Life GuidesorSubmit my paper for investigation mental imbalance brainMental issue and hardships can take endless structures. Some of them can demolish the lives of the individuals who bear them, others are milder, and this causes practically no burdens to an individual. Among mental clutters that don’t completely debilitate an individual, one should make reference to chemical imbalance (in spite of the fact that it is far fetched it very well may be alluded to as a confusion). In spite of the fact that its inclination and causing factors are not yet completely considered, it’s anything but a mystery that individuals with chemical imbalance—in spite of the fact that confronting certain bothers in regards to social mix and collaboration—can live a practically ordinary and satisfied life. In any case, there are idiosyncrasies and troubles inseparably connected with chemical imbalance. Most of issues brought about by chemical imbalance are pretty much identified with speaking with others, getting them, and creating successful social collaboration. These issues start from youth; youngsters with mental imbalance will in general show more enthusiasm for natural sounds instead of in the sound of individuals talking. This regularly makes medically introverted youngsters look occupied, or not intrigued by what others state. It doesn’t mean they can’t typically impart however: mentally unbalanced people can utilize broad jargon and long sentences. And yet, non-verbal correspondence, for example, non-verbal communication or outward appearances, is regularly overlooked and unused by mentally unbalanced people (The Hanen Center). This makes them be misconstrued. Another issue that medically introverted individuals face is an absence of compassion. As a rule, sympathy is a capacity to comprehend what others feel; as indicated by Simon Baron-Cohen, numerous medically introverted individuals do not have the capacity to see things from someone else’s point of view. Individuals typically begin to build up this ability roughly at five years old: at this age, kids can form bits of knowledge into others’ sentiments and aims (regularly based, incidentally, on non-verbal correspondence). An autist, in any case, has little to none of these translation abilities, and in this way stays uninformed about goals, emotions, and thought processes of individuals encompassing the person in question (Synapse). In this way, chemical imbalance not just motivations others to misconstrue an autist; it additionally keeps an autist from comprehension encompassing individuals, subsequently just developing the correspondence hole. As a result of the idea of mental imbalance, individuals with this issue (or let us better consider it a characteristic) frequently require being encompassed by a particular situation wherein they would feel good to work and cooperate. Medically introverted people frequently need unbending conditions; they have a solid adherence to explicit schedules or customs in day by day life, and even the smallest change in them can summon animosity or daze and self-seclusion. Medically introverted individuals frequently create stereotyped and dreary engine practices including fingers, hands, or the entire body, so it is additionally required that encompassing individuals don’t taunt them, spoof them, or ridicule mentally unbalanced individual’s propensities in some other manner (minddisorders.com). Chemical imbalance changes a person’s life in an amazingly explicit manner. The principle difficulties any mentally unbalanced individual countenances is identified with correspondence and cooperation with others; because of the eccentricities of this issue, for an autist, it is difficult to comprehend others. Simultaneously, others additionally have issues with comprehension (or regularly seeing) and medically introverted person. This seclusion is extended by a mentally unbalanced individual’s requirement for a unique domain and inflexible conditions around them. References “Impacts of Autism on Social Development.” Synapse. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Aug. 2015. “How Autism Affects Communication in Young Children.” Hanen.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Aug. 2015. “Chemical imbalance.” Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Aug. 2015. paper about existence, wellbeing

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