Doping in baseball has been an ongoing issue for Major League Baseball. Several players have suggested that drug use is rampant in baseball. The Barry Bonds perjury case was a case of alleged perjury regarding use of anabolic steroids by former San Francisco Giants outfielder and all-time Major League Baseball career home run leader, Barry Bonds, and the related investigations surrounding these accusations. In 2003, Barry Bonds became embroiled in a scandal when Greg Anderson of the Bay Area Co-operative (BALCO), Bond`s trainer since 2000, was indicted by a federal grand jury in the united states District Court for the Northern District of California and charged with supplying anabolic steroids to athletes, including a number of baseball players. This led to speculation that Bonds had used performance-enhancing drugs during a time when there was no mandatory testing in Major League Baseball. Performance-enhancing drugs are outlawed in professional sports because they give users an unfair advantage over the rest of the field.
different policies of other countries was conducted. Currently, the United States allows for pharmaceutical companies to control costs while many other governments around the world have chosen to do otherwise. Many countries have established single-payer systems or have chosen universal healthcare coverage. By definition, universal healthcare is a system that ensures that everyone has “coverage for basic health care services and no one is denied care as long as he or she remains legal residents in the given territory” (Torrey). On the other hand, single-payer systems refers to one designated body to be in charge of paying health care claims. Although universal health care coverage can be achieved through single-payer systems, it is not a requirement. Countries that currently have universal coverage include France, Denmark, Australia, Ireland, and Israel. Some countries that have single-payer systems include Norway, Japan, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Canada, Finland, and Spain (Montgomery). Table 1 below depicts several examples of the price differences of drugs in several of the countries mentioned.
Table 1. Average drug prices of drugs in USA, Canada, France, and Germany (2015).
For example, Actimmune is a drug used to prevent skin infections in patients with malignant osteoporosis and chronic granulomatous disease. The cost of this injectable medication is $52,321 for 12 vials in the United States while it is priced at $6,897 in the United Kingdom for the same amount (Nawrat). The United Kingdom utilized the single-payer system to implement universal coverage for drugs; therefore, costs are negotiated down to what is deemed appropriate and feasible. Similar to the FDA, the European Commision approves drugs but what makes their system different is that they have a separate body called the National Institute for Health and Social Care Excellence (NICE) who is responsible for determining a drug’s cost effectiveness and clinical benefits(Nawrat).
Canada also utilizes a single-payer system for healthcare is therefore in control of the country’s drug prices (Amadeo). Canada established a Patented Medicine Prices Review Board that encourages pharmaceutical companies to suggest a price proposal for their manufactured drugs. This review board then compares the suggested price to various other countries with similar drugs. Approval is made depending on the cost of the drugs in other countries. Despite Canada’s single payer system, the country lacks universal drug coverage but due to their
