The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment lead to growing skepticism

How did the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment lead to growing skepticism of political and religious authority?

 

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together with ideas of culture and identity. Feminism had an imperative part in broadening the agenda by challenging the thought that the sole supplier of security was the state and that gender was not important in the production of security. On the other hand, the state was regularly the cause of uncertainties and insecurities for women. Extending the agenda from a feminist point of view brought gender into focus by putting gender and women as the centre of security calculations and by illustrating that gender, war and security were interwoven. It was a vital advancement in the rise of a more extensive point of view on security. (Glanville, 2006) Whether one agrees with wideners or the narrower, the end of the Cold War indicated that security was a challenged concept ‘a concept that generates debates that cannot be resolved by reference to empirical evidence because the concept contains a clear ideological or moral element and defies precise, generally accepted definitions’ (Fierke, 2015) By pointing at the essentially challenged nature of security, critical approaches to security contend that ‘security’ is not essentially positive or widespread, but context and subject to be subordinate and negative at times. Since a few regulate security while other get and receive security, security produces uneven power relations between individuals. For example, in the setting of the Global War on Terror an individual who looks Middle Eastern has been respected with doubt as an unsafe ‘other’ and there has been an increase in surveillance operations in Muslim communities on the assumption that since they fit a certain profile, they may be associated to terrorism. Seen in this light, surveillance thus becomes a security device of control and a source of uncertainty. It is by addressing the essence of security in cases such as this that securitisation theory developed and broadened the scope of security to incorporate other referent objects past the state. A referent object, a central thought in securitisation, is the thing that is undermined and threatened and needs to be protected. (Fierke, 2015)

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