The Surrogate Role Is Not One That Is Frequently Mentioned In Recent Nursing Practice

 

 

The Surrogate Role Is Not One That Is Frequently Mentioned In Recent Nursing Practice Literature. Is That Role As Defined By Peplau Relevant To Nursing Practice As Currently Experienced. If So, In What Way. If Not, Why?

Sample Solution

The Surrogate Role, as defined and described by Hildegard Peplau, is still relevant to nursing practice today. According to Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations, the nurse acts as a surrogate for the patient in facilitating the patient’s ability to use their own resources in order to reach health goals (Peplau, 1952). This role involves providing physical and emotional support during times of stress or disease while encouraging individual autonomy at all times.

Today many nurses still practice in this manner; taking into consideration the needs of each individual patient regardless of age or medical condition. They strive to provide comfort and support while developing therapeutic relationships that are beneficial for both parties involved (Lillis & Harrington, 2012). The main difference between traditional nursing roles and those based on Peplau’s framework lies in their methods of intervention. While modern nursing practice incorporates more technical interventions such as medications or treatments; the original concept places more emphasis on psychological approaches like supportive communication (Peplau, 1952).

Another key factor that remains true today is how much trust placed upon nurses by patients when engaging with them in this type of relationship (Lillis & Harrington, 2012). By understanding not only what a patient may say but also why they say it allows nurses to better assess their needs thus leading to improved care quality and enhanced outcomes.

Therefore, although some aspects have evolved over time; ultimately Peplau’s original description of the nurse-patient relationship stands firmly within current practice guidelines helping ensure that patients receive appropriate care no matter what circumstances they find themselves in.

The basic aim of the personalized medicine is applying right therapy to the right population of people by defining disease at the moecular level. So, identifying differences among the individuals support the new treatment methods and pharmaceutical companies to develop new cancer drugs. Patients who have similar clinical outcome and histological tumor type can give different response to the same drug(17). Prediction of who will be a nonresponders reduces the harmfull effect of drug on nonresponders like a potential toxic effect of drug and cost effect. Also when drug companies develop new drug, they focus on the patient population that benefit from drug to increase positive responds(17).

U.S. Food and Drug Administration bringed development about targeted therapy. For example, to treat chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(18) ,imatinib mesylate is used and to treat breast cancer(19), trastuzumab (Herceptin) is used. Molecular characteristics of these cancer types that are abnormal protein tyrosine kinase activity in chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor and HER-2 receptor in breastcancer is used as a predictive biomarker. By using these markers only individuals which have these molecular alteration is selected and it means they are favorable for the treatment. Using this way some cancer types’ survival rate is shifted from 0 to 70%(17).

This application is used in non-small cell lung cancer treatment with using of mutations screeing. In this cancer type mutation occurs in kinase domain of EGFR. Gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors drug are used to treat and patients give a higher response to the treatment(20). Also if patient that is never smoked Asian females have adenocarcinomas, these drugs efficient on them(21). On the other hand, if the mutatuions occur at downstream effector KRAS, patient is resistant to to erlotinib(22). Also mutations that is at KRAS have a resistance to cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix) drugs in colon cancer patients. If the KRAS is wild type, these these drugs is effective on the patients(23). These responses that are specific and different are based on molecular profile. Some molecular test are done before the using of cetuximab or panitu

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