What do you think of the trade war? Is it justified?
Do you think that China is out-competing the US?
How will the world economy be impacted by this trade war between the US and China?
transduction leading to the destruction of T-cell metabolism and ultimately eliminates the immune function of T-cells. Some cancer cells have large amounts of PD-L1 which helps them evade immune attack. PD-L2 on the other hand is expressed on dendritic cells and monocytes and binds with a higher affinity to PD-1 than PD-L1.
Loss of immunologic control is a hallmark of cancer and the engagement of PD-L1 with PD-1 prevents the immune system from attacking tumor cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target either PD-1 or PD-L1 block this interaction and boost the body’s natural immune response against cancer cells. These antibodies act as tumor suppressing factors and enhance the antitumor immune response. This immune response starts with tumor cells producing mutated antigens that dendritic cells use to prime T-cells and stimulate the activation of cytotoxic T-cells. Activated T-cells then travel to and infiltrate the tumor environment and bind to the cancer cells. The bound effector T-cells then release cytotoxins, which induce apoptosis in their target cancer cells.
Typically, antibodies directed towards PD-1 are not preferred as they prevent its binding to both ligands which results in higher toxicity. PD-L1 inhibition as opposed to PD-1 inhibition blocks only PD-1:PD-L1 interactions while preserving PD-1:PD-L2 interactions. This provides more target specific signaling. PD-L1 also binds to CD80 to deliver inhibitory signals to T-cells so its inhibition prevents reverse signaling and resulting T-cell downregulation.
MAbs can significantly reduce toxicity while shrinking solid tumors, suppressing metastasis, and improving overall patient survival. Current FDA approved PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors include Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab which are PD-1 inhibitors and Atezolizumab which is a PD-L1 inhibitor. These are currently the frontline treatments for metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and urothelial cancer.
Immune mediated adverse reactions describe the side effects of immunotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors can have adverse reactions that lead to immune system dysreg
