Because Mona Lisa is one of the most iconic pieces of art in the world, it is also one of the most appropriate. Duchamp`s L.H.O.O.Q. and Warhol`s Thirty is Better Than One are all famous works from different movements that depict the image of the Mona Lisa. L.H.O.O.Q. (1919) was an avant-grade work from Duchamp coming out of the Dada movement. L.H.O.O.Q. features Da Vinci`s Mona Lisa with masculine features (moustache and beard) and a crude caption. This work became an inside joke in the art world associated with Dada movement. It can be argued that Duchamp vandalized the Mona Lisa when he created L.H.O.O.Q. However, looking at the impact L.H.O.O.Q had on the Data movement and other movements that followed, there could be a counter argument that Duchamp was utilizing that specific image of Mona Lisa to contribute to something larger than its existence as a store bought postcard.
Globalisation is characterised by the creation of a global marketplace, and by the compression of space and time. These advancements have gained social endurance by developments in communication and transportation technologies (Betz, 1994; pp27; Barney, 2011; pp158). Examples of these developments are the invention of the internet, and the creation of various social media platforms. The spread of globalisation in Europe, is partially the result of national governments and foreign policy deliberators, articulating certain discourses. These discourses have engineered the material and ideological replacement of industrialised economies with post-industrialised, capital-based, economies (Betz, 1994; pp27).
Economic and social policies, influenced by globalist discourses, which operationalise the language of globalisation, are hegemonized into many societies, located within the European Union (Ayes, 2015; pp868). The adoption of these discourses (and many other factors, including the collapse of the Soviet Union), has splintered the traditionally established left/right political cleavage in Europe, which had previously consisted of divisions between capital and labour during the early-mid 20th century. The parameters of political thought in Europe, are now directed by socio-cultural issues, including immigration levels and threats to national identity (Rydgren, 2006; pp16).
The inability of established political parties to acknowledge these shifting social dynamics, or to envision credible solutions to these issues, has led to the development of a political niche within European society. This niche has made it possible for RRP parties to gain electoral support in many European countries. RRP parties attempt to progress the socialisation (dispersal throughout a citizenship), of the political conflicts caused by these issues (Schattscheider, 1974; pp7). This has created fertile ground for the articulation of a new discursive hegemony in Europe.
The European Union (EU) is a transnational economic and cultural partnershi
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