A unilateral contract is when the offer is introduced to the whole world but the contract comes to an agreement when one party pays the other party to perform the certain duty. An example of this could be when there is an offer to find a missing dog, the only time the other party could claim the reward for the missing dog is when the dog is given back to the owner. Mainly acceptance by conduct is found in unilateral contracts .Carlil v Carbolic Smokeball (1893) is the key case that leads to a unilateral contract. The acceptance by conduct was formed when Mrs. Carlil bought the product and followed the instruction so that she uses the product correctly. The communication of acceptance was made when she claimed for the reward.

A good example of acceptance by conduct is Brodgen v Metropolitan Railway (1877) The issue, in this case, was whether the written contract was valid or not but the agreement was valid. Thi is because when the counter offer was introduced to the offeree and was accepted by the party , offeree was still receiving receive the product so the agreement was valid and therefore it wasn\’t necessary to take this case to the court .

Relating this to Emma’s case , she has the right to receive the bonus because the acceptance was formed when she stayed late to finish work and stop taking cigarette breaks. This shows that the offer was accepted by the offeree. The contract was verbal and not written. A&M Ltd would not know if the offeree accepted the offer because it doesn\’t state that Emma has accepted the offer , she only carried out the job but she has not confirmed the offer with the manager. A&M Ltd should provide written offer with terms that would benefit both parties. They should set an achievable targets and if the employees aren’t performing well and not meeting their targets they should not be receiving any bonuses.

A&M Ltd v Emma

The purpose of tort law is about safety and protects a range of private interest including ; physical and sometimes mental integrity ,reputation and other personal integrity and financial interests. Mrs. Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case established the law of negligence. Negligence covers the area of accidental injury , road accident , illness and injuries caused by manufactures. Negligence offers rights to the person who suffered from damages and it goes against the party who has failed to take care for other person health and safety.

Marc Rich & Co.AG v Bishop Rock Marine (1995) (HL)