Trade-off between equity and efficiency in public policy

Is there a trade-off between equity and efficiency in public policy, or can the two goals be reached simultaneously? Hyman (2021) addresses this issue of analyzing social choices and shows how utility curves are used to determine trade-offs. The utility curve concept measures the benefits received by different groups in relation to their costs. Further, Hyman (2021) defines the efficiency criterion as using resources in a way that makes it “impossible to increase the well-being of any one person without reducing the well- being of any other person” (p. 50).

 

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Trade-off between equity and efficiency in public policy

The equity-efficiency tradeoff is when there is some conflict between maximizing pure economic efficiency and achieving other social goals. When and if such a tradeoff exists, economists or public policymakers may decide to sacrifice some amount of economic efficiency for the sake of achieving a more just or equitable society. Most economic theory uses a utilitarian approach as its ethical approach as its ethical framework, but this may conflict with other moral values that people hold, leading to an equity-efficiency tradeoff. Inequality and the redistribution of income is a common example of an equity-efficiency tradeoff.

shortage in an economy, or in such cases – economies, as both local and multinational firms are unable to keep up with the increase in demand for sanitation products. At the standard supply and demand graph, prior to the spread of the virus, the general equilibrium theory explains how consumers interact with the sanitation market, ceteris paribus. However, with the increase in media attention on the infestation, the increase in shortage has, according to the law of supply and demand, cause prices to shoot up at a high rate, inevitably, lower-income families are unable to purchase them for their personal well-being, leading to significant welfare loss as the provision of such necessary products become limited and in high demand. Perhaps, such supply is low in regions or provinces with low income due to the Friedman Theory which states people will make decisions on consumption based on their income over time; thus, suppliers choose not to supply products at required areas, leading to biases and prejudices in where such products are supplied – all without taking into a rational account of how human behaviour may respond in such conditions. The predictable nature of human beings perhaps could allow artificial intelligence to estimate individualized demand and supply using the economic concept of game theory where it understands the current social environmental circumstances that inevitably cause individuals to decide, influencing a society’s microeconomic facets. On the contrary, it is also important to note that, very similar to those who are made aware of their biases, artificial intelligence could be fed statistical biases – which may skew the solution required to accurately target the output. Thus, AI could also have the ability to discriminate; for example, upon identifying that rural areas may have lower literacy rates, it may intensify the Lewis Turning Point situation where there is a surplus rural labour in the primary and secondary sector – hence an increasing in employment saturation of such jobs when there are other applicable job vacancies available or an economy without balanced growth policies. Despite this, when assessing the potential setbacks to using Artificial Intelligence as a data-analysis program to output an individual’s or firm’s interests, economists could perhaps considerable to say that the potential for biased data is, for now, negligible relative to describing our world using models.

In the economic impediment over 12 years ago in 2008, the global economy’s fiscal tightening motifs’ unfavourable effects were magnified, simply due to the government’s

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