Types and trends of cyber-attacks against municipalities

Types and trends of cyber-attacks against municipalities, school districts, and hospitals. How best to defend and mitigate this trend. Use a few actual examples of entities (municipalities, school districts, and hospitals) that were attacked as a brief case study (or studies) referenced as well.
The paper must be 12 point double spaced at least 4 or 5 pages in length. The paper must be submitted no later than midnight.
In addition to the minimum 4 or 5 pages of research, show references after that research text at the end of the paper as well.
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Sample Solution

Cyber-attacks against municipalities, school districts, and hospitals have become increasingly prevalent in recent years due to the increased use of technology within those organizations. The types of attacks vary from phishing emails that are used to steal passwords or credit card information, ransomware infections which can lock down systems completely until a payment is made, DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks which flood networks with requests in order to overwhelm them and shut down services, as well as malware and data breaches (U.S Department of Homeland Security 2020). The best way to defend against these cyber-attacks is by having strong cybersecurity practices in place such as two factor authentication for access control, regularly updating software patches and antivirus programs, monitoring activity on the network for suspicious activity or unauthorized access attempts, taking regular backups of important data on a separate system outside the network so it can be recovered in case an attack succeeds (Jurczyk & Chabinsky 2019).

A few examples that illustrate the potential impact of cyber-attacks on municipalities, schools districts and hospitals include: In November 2019 hackers used a ransomware attack to target over 20 Texas towns including Borger where they encrypted all computer files until a ransom was paid (Krebs 2019). In December 2018 Atlanta’s government computers were crippled by ransomware after malicious attackers infiltrated their systems through phishing emails sent out by city employees (Ralph 2018). Finally in April 2017 Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center had its entire IT infrastructure shut down for 10 days after being hit with a ransomware attack that encrypted patient health records stored on their computers (Feeley et al., 2017).

In conclusion, cyber-attacks against municipalities school districts and hospitals are becoming more common every year. Organizations need to take proactive steps such as implementing strong cybersecurity policies combined with regular monitoring activities in order to mitigate this trend.

Transient memory is the memory for a boost that goes on for a brief time (Carlson, 2001). In reasonable terms visual transient memory is frequently utilized for a relative reason when one can’t thoroughly search in two spots immediately however wish to look at least two prospects. Tuholski and partners allude to momentary memory similar to the attendant handling and stockpiling of data (Tuholski, Engle, and Baylis, 2001). They additionally feature the way that mental capacity can frequently be antagonistically impacted by working memory limit. It means quite a bit to be sure about the typical limit of momentary memory as, without a legitimate comprehension of the flawless cerebrum’s working it is challenging to evaluate whether an individual has a shortage in capacity (Parkin, 1996).

 

This survey frames George Miller’s verifiable perspective on transient memory limit and how it tends to be impacted, prior to bringing the examination state-of-the-art and outlining a determination of approaches to estimating momentary memory limit. The verifiable perspective on momentary memory limit

 

Length of outright judgment

The range of outright judgment is characterized as the breaking point to the precision with which one can distinguish the greatness of a unidimensional boost variable (Miller, 1956), with this cutoff or length generally being around 7 + 2. Mill operator refers to Hayes memory length try as proof for his restricting range. In this members needed to review data read resoundingly to them and results obviously showed that there was a typical maximum restriction of 9 when double things were utilized. This was regardless of the consistent data speculation, which has proposed that the range ought to be long if each introduced thing contained little data (Miller, 1956). The end from Hayes and Pollack’s tests (see figure 1) was that how much data sent expansions in a straight design alongside how much data per unit input (Miller, 1956). Figure 1. Estimations of memory for data wellsprings of various sorts and bit remainders, contrasted with anticipated results for steady data. Results from Hayes (left) and Pollack (right) refered to by (Miller, 1956)

 

Pieces and lumps

Mill operator alludes to a ‘digit’ of data as need might have arisen ‘to settle on a choice between two similarly probable other options’. In this manner a basic either or choice requires the slightest bit of data; with more expected for additional complicated choices, along a twofold pathway (Miller, 1956). Decimal digits are worth 3.3 pieces each, implying that a 7-digit telephone number (what is handily recollected) would include 23 pieces of data. Anyway an evident inconsistency to this is the way that, assuming an English word is worth around 10 pieces and just 23 pieces could be recollected then just 2-3 words could be recalled at any one time, clearly mistaken. The restricting range can all the more likely be figured out concerning the absorption of pieces into lumps. Mill operator recognizes pieces and lumps of data, the qualification being that a lump is comprised of various pieces of data. It is fascinating to take note of that while there is a limited ability to recall lumps of data, how much pieces in every one of those lumps can differ generally (Miller, 1956). Anyway it’s anything but a straightforward instance of having the memorable option enormous pieces right away, fairly that as each piece turns out to be more recognizable, it tends to be acclimatized

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