plaque lesion. Apoptosis occurs if blood flow is not reestablished within 20 minutes because the blockage is sustained.
(Osborn, 2014 p948; Baird, 2016 p479)
HTN
Hypertension is a consistent average blood pressure than is higher than the accepted normal value. Long term elevation of blood pressure can be caused by hemodynamic, neural, humoral, and renal mechanisms(Osborn, 2014 p1060). Increase in blood pressure leads to increase in cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. This is caused by the SNS releasing vasoconstrictor substances. Another organ that influences blood pressure is the kidney. The kidney increases excretion of Na and water when the blood pressure rises. Heart failure and CAD can cause secondary hypertension because of the prolonged activation of SNS and RAAS. The need for increase in cardiac output over a long period of time causes HTN.
The wall of a stressed vessel causes the release of humoral vasoconstrictors, which increases the systemic vascular resistance. As a result, “the increased pressure causes a cycle of endothelial damage, local intravascular activation of the clotting cascade, fibrinoid necrosis of small blood vessels, and release of more vasoconstrictors(Baird,2016 p578).” The cycle of vascular injury leads causes tissue ischemia and autoregulatory dysfunction. This affects perfusion to other organs, such as decreased circulation to the kidneys causes hypoperfusion, leading to CKD.
(Osborn, 2014 p1060)
CKD Stage 3
Chronic kidney disease is the progressive loss of kidney function and symptoms do not appear until renal capacity has decreased to 10-15% of normal function. Diagnosis of presence of kidney damage and level of renal function is through the measurement of glomerular filtration rate(GFR). Chronic kidney disease can