Distinguishing Vitamins from Macronutrients (15 pts)

Here are three key ways vitamins differ from macronutrients:

1. Quantity: Macronutrients are needed in large amounts (grams) to provide energy and build body structures. Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In contrast, vitamins are needed in much smaller quantities (milligrams or micrograms) to regulate various bodily functions. For instance, Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin required in milligrams, while carbohydrates, a macronutrient, are consumed in grams.

2. Energy Source: Macronutrients are broken down by the body to generate energy. Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins all contribute to the body’s energy production. Vitamins, on the other hand, don’t directly provide energy. Instead, they act as coenzymes, facilitating metabolic processes that utilize energy from macronutrients. For example, Vitamin B complex vitamins help convert carbohydrates into usable energy.

3. Storage: The body can store excess macronutrients, like fat, for later use. Conversely, water-soluble vitamins are generally not stored in the body and need to be consumed regularly through diet. Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) can be stored in the liver and fatty tissues for some time.

Analyzing Water-Soluble Vitamin Intake (5 pts)

Unfortunately, I cannot access your personal Dietary Intake vs Goals Report. To answer question 2, refer to your report and identify any water-soluble vitamin where your intake reached at least 75% of your DRI.

Water-Soluble Vitamin Intake Exceeding 75% of DRI (45 pts)

Since I cannot access your report, I cannot answer questions 3a, 3b, and 3c specifically. However, I can provide a general framework to analyze these aspects for any water-soluble vitamin where your intake met 75% of the DRI.

3a. Tolerable Upper Limit (UL) and Intake Comparison:

• Refer to the “Table of Tolerable Upper Limits (UL) for Vitamins” in your textbook appendix.
• Identify the UL for each water-soluble vitamin where your intake was 75% or more of your DRI.
• Compare your daily intake of each vitamin to the corresponding UL. Did your intake exceed the UL for any of these vitamins?

3b. Vitamin Functions and Consequences of Exceeding UL:

• For each vitamin with intake exceeding 75% of DRI, describe its key functions in the body.
• Using your textbook or reliable online resources, explain at least one potential consequence of exceeding the UL for each vitamin.

3c. Food Sources of High Intake Vitamins:

• List one food you consumed that likely contributed significantly to your intake of each vitamin where your intake was 75% or more of the DRI.

Water-Soluble Vitamins Below 75% of DRI (5 pts)

4. Refer to your Dietary Intake vs Goals Report and identify any water-soluble vitamins where your intake fell below 75% of your DRI.

Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency Consequences (20 pts)

Here’s how to approach this question:

• If you met at least 75% of the DRI for all water-soluble vitamins, choose one vitamin and explain two potential consequences of deficiency.
• If you had deficiencies (intake below 75% DRI) in some vitamins, explain at least one potential consequence of long-term deficiency for each vitamin with insufficient intake.

For your chosen vitamin (or each deficient vitamin):

1. Explain a key function of the vitamin.
2. Describe how a deficiency in this function can lead to specific symptoms of the deficiency disease.

For example, Vitamin C is crucial for collagen production and immune function. Deficiency can lead to impaired wound healing, increased susceptibility to infections, and bleeding gums.

Improving Water-Soluble Vitamin Intake (15