• The legislator’s own beliefs and values: Legislators are elected to represent the interests of their constituents, but they also have their own personal beliefs and values that influence their votes. For example, a legislator who is pro-choice is likely to vote against a bill that would ban abortion, even if their constituents are mostly pro-life.
• The views of their constituents: Legislators are always mindful of the views of their constituents, and they are more likely to vote in a way that they believe their constituents will support. For example, a legislator who represents a district with a lot of farmers is likely to vote against a bill that would raise taxes on agricultural products, even if they personally believe that the tax is necessary.
• The views of their party leadership: Party leaders often have a strong influence on how legislators vote. This is especially true in the case of close votes, when party leaders may use their influence to persuade legislators to vote in a particular way. For example, in 2017, the Republican Party leadership in the House of Representatives was able to persuade most Republicans to vote for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, even though some Republicans had concerns about the bill.
• The views of special interest groups: Special interest groups often lobby legislators to vote in a particular way. These groups can provide legislators with financial support, campaign volunteers, and other resources. For example, the National Rifle Association (NRA) is a powerful special interest group that lobbies legislators to vote against gun control measures.
• The political climate: The political climate can also influence how legislators vote. In times of divided government, when the two major political parties control different branches of government, it can be more difficult to pass legislation. This is because each party is more likely to vote against a bill that is supported by the other party, even if they might personally support the bill. For example, in the current Congress, it has been very difficult to pass legislation because the Democrats control the House of Representatives and the Republicans control the Senate.

The structure of Congress can make it difficult to pass legislation that is efficient and fair. This is because Congress is a bicameral legislature, which means that there are two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each chamber has its own rules and procedures, which can make it difficult to get bills passed. Additionally, Congress is a large and diverse body, which can make it difficult to reach consensus on complex issues.

However, the structure of Congress can also be beneficial for efficient and fair policy-making. For example, the bicameral system can help to ensure that legislation is carefully considered before it is passed. Additionally, the diversity of Congress can help to ensure that the needs of all Americans are represented.

Ultimately, whether or not the structure of Congress lends itself to efficient and fair policy-making depends on the specific circumstances. In some cases, the structure can be a hindrance, while in other cases it can be a benefit.