Wireless Communication Networks

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1.You would like to setup an IEEE 802.11n Wireless LAN works in 5.7 GHz U-NII band. Assume the antenna gain of the wireless access point is 3.2 dBi, the transmitter power is 100 mW, antenna gain for the wireless receiver is 2 dBi, and the minimal required received signal power (receiver sensitivity) is -68 dBm for the data rate of 114 Mbps. Assuming other attenuation is negligible and only free space path loss is considered. If the distance that this wireless LAN needs to cover equals to xx meters (where xx is the last two digits of your UNI id), please calculate the fade margin.

For link budget purpose, if we consider the system is acceptable when the fade margin is greater than 10 dB, is the above setup acceptable? If not, what can we do to make it acceptable?
Please show the calculation and process in detail
2.Answer the following questions about the MAC mechanism of WLAN.
1)What are CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA, respectively? Why CSMA/CD, which is commonly used in Ethernet, is not adopted for wireless LAN standard?
2)What is the hidden node problem in wireless environment? Illustrate the problem using a figure. Can CSMA/CA solve the hidden node problem? If not, how this problem is addressed in IEEE 802.11 standard? How can you enable this mechanism?

 

 

Sample Solution

Wireless Communication Networks

Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a media access control (MAC) method used notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking. It uses carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting. Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in computer networking, is a network multiple access method in which carrier sensing is used, but nodes attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be “idle.” CSMA/CD is not adopted for wireless LAN standard because of its nature of listening if the medium is free before transmitting packets. Using CSMA/CD, if a collision is detected on the medium, end-devices would have to wait a random amount of time before they can start the re-transmission process. Therefore, CSMA/CA is used on wireless networks.

 

 

 

 

How Teenagers Spend Their Money

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descriptive paper sampleAdolescence is the point at which an individual movements from being a kid to being a grown-up, prepared to take on obligations, and face the difficulties of this present reality. Simultaneously, immaturity is additionally the ideal opportunity for having some good times and treating life in likely the most loosened up way ever, which doesn’t naturally mean flippancy. In spite of the fact that numerous grown-ups trust American young people go through cash for the most part on diversion, inquire about shows this isn’t valid.

Shockingly, American young people spend substantially less cash on computer games or shows as it is generally considered. As indicated by a semiannual report gave by Piper Jaffray in April 2014, the significant piece of young people’s uses goes to nourishment (Business Insider). In reality, as the chart from the report appears, American young people enthusiastically spend about 21% of their cash on nourishment, generally at Starbucks.

The last actuality is by all accounts by one way or another associated with the new pattern in U.S. young culture, which is hanging out in eateries as opposed to in shopping centers. For instance, in 2014, American adolescents visited shopping centers on normal multiple times, contrasted with multiple times in 2007. As the report propounds, “Eateries have become a social affair spot and adolescents are progressively proposing they lean toward feasting out to different types of status brand spending. We consider eateries to be the cutting edge hang out for teenagers.” The alleged shopping center culture is by all accounts fading for more class (Quartz).

Alongside nourishment, American teenagers spend around equivalent measures of cash on garments. Generally, they offer inclination to athletic wear as opposed to denim attire. Adolescents in the U.S. appear to favor the “athleisure”— dress which can be worn both inside and outside of rec centers. Athleisure favored in 2014 is fabricated by such brands as Adidas, Lululemon, Juicy Couture, Athleta, and some others (Business Insid

 

 

 

 

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